Review Article Circulating MicroRNAs as Biomarkers of Prostate Cancer: The State of Play

License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. MicroRNAs are key regulators of gene expression and play critical roles in both normal physiology and pathology. Recent research has demonstrated that these molecules are present in body fluids, such as serum, plasma, and urine, and can be readily measured using a variety of techniques. More importantly, emerging evidence suggests that circulating or urine miRNAs are useful indicators of disease. Here, we consider the potential utility of such miRNAs as noninvasive biomarkers of prostate cancer, a disease that would benefit substantially from novel diagnostic and prognostic tools. The studies aimed at identifying diagnostic, prognostic, and/or predictive miRNAs for prostate cancer are summarised and reviewed. Finally, practical considerations that will influence the translation of this recent research into clinical implementation are discussed. 1. The Clinical Problem of Prostate Cancer Prostate cancer is the second most common solid tumour in men worldwide and, despite significant advances in early diagnosis and management, it remains a leading cause of cancer-related death in men [1]. Pathological diagnosis of prostate cancer is usually obtained by a transrectal ultra