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humanitasresearch.it Members of the IL-1 family play a key role in innate and adaptive immunity and in the patho-genesis of diverse diseases. Members of IL-1R like receptor (ILR) family include signaling molecules and negative regulators.The latter include decoy receptors (IL-1RII; IL-18BP) and “receptors ” with regulatory function (TIR8/SIGIRR; IL-1RAcPb; DIGIRR). Structural con-siderations suggest that also TIGIRR-1 and IL-1RAPL may have regulatory function. The presence of multiple pathways of negative regulation of members of the IL-1/IL-1R family emphasizes the need for a tight control of members of this fundamental system