CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY

Etiology, prevalence and types COPD is a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide and poses an increasing global healthcare problem (1). The definition of COPD recognises the “abnormal”, exaggerated or amplified inflammatory response in the lung and systemically to cigarette smoking and noxious pollutions (2). The pattern of inflammation involves recruitment of lymphocytes, macrophages and neutrophils, as well as activation and damage to structural cells following the release of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines (2–5). In the Western world, the major driver of disease is cigarette smoke (CS) which is a complex mixture of organic chemicals, heavy metals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) (6–11). Importantly, Sopori (12) highlighted that chronic inhalation of cigarette smoke ca