Radionuclide Therapies in Prostate Cancer: Integrating Radium-223 in the Treatment of Patients With Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer

# The Author(s) 2016. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) frequently metastasizes to the bone, often resulting in painful skeletal events, reduced quality of life, and reduced survival. The beta-emitting radiopharmaceuticals strontium-89 and samarium-153 alleviated pain in mCRPC patients with widespread skeletal metastases and have been associated with myelotoxicity. Radium-223, a first-in-class alpha-emitting ra-diopharmaceutical, prolonged overall survival, delayed symp-tomatic skeletal events, and improved quality of life, versus placebo, in patients with CRPC and symptomatic bone metas-tases and no visceral metastases. Radium-223 provided sur-vival benefit to patients with CRPC and symptomatic bone metastases, regardless of prior docetaxel use. Importantly, prostate-specific antigen level and pain palliation were not a measure of radium-223 treatment response and should not alter the decision to administer all six radium-223 injections, the recommended regimen for survival benefit. Radium-223 was generally well tolerated, leading to ongoing clinical trials in combination with other therapeutics. Thus, radium-223 is a valuable addition to the mCRPC treatment armamentarium. Keywords Radionuclide. Alpha emitters. Beta emitters. Bonemetastases. Castration-resistant prostate cancer