AOPPs and the progression of kidney disease

Advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs) are the dityrosine-containing and crosslinking protein products formed during oxidative stress by reaction of plasma protein with chlorinated oxidants, and often carried by albumin in vivo. Accumulation of plasma and renal AOPPs is a common pathologic finding in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Moreover, AOPP accumulation is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular events (CVDs) in CKD. Clinical and experimental studies indicate that AOPPs are involved in the structural changes of progressive nephropathies such as glomerulosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis, and tubular atrophy via the redox-dependent pathway. Mounting evidence supports the role of AOPPs as a new class of renal pathogenic mediators in the progression of CKD. This mini review describes the formation of AOPPs, the involvement of AOPPs in CKD pathogenesis, and the underlying mechanisms