RESEARCH ARTICLE Apoptosis induction assoc

ah gamboge extracted from Garcinia hanburyi in Southeast anti-metastasis activity by suppressing the expression of Krajarng et al. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2015) 15:26 DOI 10.1186/s12906-015-0544-4elle involved in lipid synthesis, protein folding andUniversity, Bangkok, Thailand Full list of author information is available at the end of the articleAsia, India and China. It is commonly known in Thailand as “Rong Thong”. It has been used as a folk medicine for an internal purgative and externally infected wound [1]. GA has potent anticancer effect, including induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in a broad range of human cancer such as gastric cancer [2], leukemia [3], breast cancer [4] and hepatoma cancer [5]. It has been dem-onstrated that GA activates cell apoptosis through integrin β1 [8]. Moreover, GA could inhibit tumor angiogenesis by decreasing VEGF production [9] and suppressing VEGFR2 [10]. Recently, Zhang et al. [11] showed that GA could be an inhibitor of Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) which is a key protein in cell signal-ing and tumor regeneration. Inhibition of Hsp90 by treatments of cells with specific inhibitors leads to ER stress induction and subsequent activation of the three ER stress sensors of the unfolded protein response which contributed to cell death of the treated cells [12]. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a central organ