RESEARCH ARTICLE Concerned significant oth

Full list of author information is available at the end of the articleAt the population level, estimated problem-gambling prevalence rates vary between countries, from 0.2 to 5.3% [1]. However, problem gambling not only impacts those directly involved, but also a variety of their significant others [2-4]. The destructive effects of problem gambling include not only significant financial problems, but also also evidence of gender differences, which should be taken into account in prevention and developing support for gambling problems [9]. Concerned significant others (CSOs) refer to people in the surrounding environment of a person who has gam-bling problems [2,3,9]. The broadness of different defini-tions for CSOs varies: the CSOs of the person with gambling problems can be parents, spouses, a boyfriend/ girlfriend, own children or any other family members or * Correspondence: anne.salonen@thl.fi1National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Mental Health andAbstrac