Background

As climate change received more global attention, more epidemiological studies have been conducted on the effects of temperature [1-4]. Recent epidemiologic evidence using modern statistical approaches, consisting primarily of the time-series and case-crossover approaches, mainly focused on the temperature-mortality relationship, including all-cause and cause-specific mortality, vulnerable subgroups, confounders and effect modifiers. Peng et al. concluded that the heat associated mortality and morbidity were expected to increase in a warming climate, particularly within the vulnerable populations of the elderly, children, those with chronic diseases, and people with special socio-economic status [5]. Anderson et al. found heat-related mortality was most associated with a shorter lag (average of same day and previous day). Acclimatization, individual susceptibility, and community characteristics all affect heat-related effects on mortality [6]. Basu et al. Characterized temperature and mortality in 9 california counties, no air pollutant examine