REVIEW Microspore embryogenesis: establishment of embryo identity and pattern in culture

Abstract The developmental plasticity of plants is beautifully illustrated by the competence of the immature male gametophyte to change its developmental fate from pollen to embryo development when exposed to stress treatments in culture. This process, referred to as micro-spore embryogenesis, is widely exploited in plant breeding, but also provides a unique system to understand totipo-tency and early cell fate decisions. We summarize the major concepts that have arisen from decades of cell and molecular studies on microspore embryogenesis and put these in the context of recent experiments, as well as results obtained from the study of pollen and zygotic embryo development