Research Article 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Promotes High Glucose-Induced M1 Macrophage Switching to M2 via the VDR-PPAR

License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Macrophages, especially their activation state, are closely related to the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Classically activated macrophages (M1) are proinflammatory effectors, while alternatively activated macrophages (M2) exhibit anti-inflammatory properties. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 has renoprotective roles that extend beyond the regulation of mineral metabolism, and PPA