Years

OBJECTIVE — The goals of this study were to examine the influence of maternal type 1 diabetes during pregnancy on offspring adiposity and glucose tolerance at age 7 years and to assess whether metabolic factors at birth (neonatal leptin and insulin) predict adverse outcomes. RESEARCHDESIGNANDMETHODS — We examined 100 offspring of mothers with type 1 diabetes (OT1DM) and 45 offspring of control mothers. Mothers had previously been recruited during pregnancy, and, where possible, birth weight, umbilical cord insulin, and leptin were measured. Children were classed as overweight and obese using age-specific reference ranges. RESULTS — OT1DM had similar height (control, 1.25 0. 06 m; OT1DM, 1.24 0.06 m; P 0.81) but were heavier (control, 25.5 3.8 kg; OT1DM, 27.1 5.7 kg; P 0.048) and had an increased BMI (control, 16.4 kg/m2; OT1DM, 17.4 2.6 kg/m2, P 0.005). Waist circum-ference (control, 56.0 3.7 cm; OT1DM, 58 6.8 cm; P 0.02) and sum of skinfolds were increased (control, 37.5 17.0 mm [n 42]; OT1DM, 46.1 24.2 mm [n 91]; P 0.02), and there was a marked increase in the prevalence of overweight and obese children (OT1DM, 22 % overweight and 12 % obese; control, 0 % overweight and 7 % obese; 2 P 0.001). Glucos