Solving Problems in Social-Ecological Systems: Definition, Practice and Barriers of Transdisciplinary Research

Abstract Translating policies about sustainable devel-opment as a social process and sustainability outcomes into the real world of social–ecological systems involves several challenges. Hence, research policies advocate improved innovative problem-solving capacity. One approach is transdisciplinary research that integrates research disciplines, as well as researchers and practitio-ners. Drawing upon 14 experiences of problem-solving, we used group modeling to map perceived barriers and bridges for researchers ’ and practitioners ’ joint knowledge pro-duction and learning towards transdisciplinary research. The analysis indicated that the transdisciplinary research process is influenced by (1) the amount of traditional dis-ciplinary formal and informal control, (2) adaptation of project applications to fill the transdisciplinary research agenda, (3) stakeholder participation, and (4) functional team building/development based on self-reflection and experienced leadership. Focusing on implementation of green infrastructure policy as a common denominator for the delivery of ecosystem services and human well-being, we discuss how to diagnose social–ecological systems, and use knowledge production and collaborative learning as treatments