We must teach more effectively: here are four ways to get started

ABSTRACT Research on how people learn shows that teaching using active learning is more effective than just lecturing. We outline four concrete ways instructors can begin to apply active learning in their teaching: backward instruction design; expecting students to learn more than facts; posing “messy ” problems for students to solve; and expecting students to talk, write, and collaborate. Each tactic is supported with references demonstrating its efficacy and advice and links to resources for getting started with active learning