REVIEW Inflammation in chronic obstructive

pulmonary disease and its role in cardiovascular disease and lung cancer Paul T King1,2* Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by lung inflammation that persists after smoking ces-sation. This inflammation is heterogeneous but the key inflammatory cell types involved are macrophages, neutro-phils and T cells. Other lung cells may also produce inflammatory mediators, particularly the epithelial cells. The main inflammatory mediators include tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1, interleukin-6, reactive oxygen species and proteases. COPD is also associated with systemic inflammation and there is a markedly increased risk of cardiovas-cular disease (particularly coronary artery disease) and lung cancer in patients with COPD. There is strong associative evidence that the inflammatory cells/mediators in COPD are also relevant to the development of cardiovascular disease and lung cancer. There are a large number of potential inhibitors of inflammation in COPD that may well have beneficial effects for these comorbidities. This is a not well-understood area and there is a requirement for more definitive clinical and mechanistic studies to define the relationship between the inflammatory process of COPD and cardiovascular disease and lung cancer. © 2015 King. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licens