RESEARCH ARTICLE Effect of epimedium pubes t g

Full list of author information is available at the end of the articleBackground Recent epidemiological studies have yielded increasingly strong evidence that even low level of tobacco smoke exposure poses a risk for health, particularly affecting the lung and skeleton [1-12]. Smoking was also asso-ciated with lower areal BMD and reduced cortical thick-ness in young men [13]. Systemic nicotine may have a significant adverse impact on bone wound healing and inhibit the bone matrix-related gene expressions required for wound healing [14,15]. Tobacco has been identified as the cause for the death of half of its regular users, but insufficient consideration has been given to the hazard of smoking to passive smokers. Thus, a growing interest has been focused on factors that can protect from the harmful action of cigarette smoke. Epimedii herba (Yinyanghuo) is one of the most fre-quently used herbs in formulas that are prescribed fo