The Relationship between Waterpipe and Cigarette Smoking in Low and Middle Income Countries: Cross- Sectional Analysis of the Global Adult Tobacco Survey

Introduction: Waterpipe tobacco smoking is receiving growing attention due to accumulating evidence suggesting increasing prevalence in some populations and deleterious health effects. Nevertheless, the relationship between waterpipe and cigarette smoking remain unknown, particularly in low and middle income countries. Materials and Methods: We analysed waterpipe and cigarette smoking using data from Global Adult Tobacco Survey, a household survey of adults aged$15 years conducted between 2008–2010 in LMICs. Factors associated with waterpipe an