Redox-Triggered Self-Assembly of Gadolinium-Based MRI Probes for Sensing Reducing Environment

ABSTRACT: Controlled self-assembly of small molecule gadolinium (Gd) complexes into nanoparticles (GdNPs) is emerging as an effective approach to design activatable magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) probes and amplify the r1 relaxivity. Herein, we employ a reduction-controlled macrocyclization reac-tion and self-assembly to develop a redox activated Gd-based MRI probe for sensing a reducing environment. Upon disulfide reduction at physiological conditions, an acyclic contrast agent 1 containing dual Gd-chelates undergoes intramolecular macro-cyclization to form rigid and hydrophobic macrocycles, which subsequently self-assemble into GdNPs, resulting in a ∼60 % increase in r1 relaxivity at 0.5 T. Probe 1 has high r1 relaxivity (up to 34.2 mM−1 s−1 per molecule at 0.5 T) upon activation, and also shows a high sensitivity and specificity for MR detection of thiol-containing biomolecules. Over the past few decades, MRI has become one of the mos