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s, le ve u ct Estrogens (E) are involved in mucus secretion, lung changes in female hormones related to patient’s men-Lamas et al. BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2014, 14:165 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2466/14/165Patient Registry. Post-puberty, the number of PE per year in males was 0.24 lower than in females. Below we present 2Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain Full list of author information is available at the end of the articledevelopment, expression of inflammation factors, and the risk of acquiring Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) including its conversion to the mucoid phenotype. In addition, E are also linked to increased activity of the so-dium channel and Na+-K−ATPase, a decrease in the chlor-ide secretion mediated by the calcium channel, reduced strual cycle with the documented gender disparity in CF-related morbidity and mortality [10,19]. Based on Irish register data, Chotirmall and colleagues reported that female CF patients on the oral contraceptive pill (OCP) required fewer antibiotic courses and had a lower PE rate than their counterparts not on OCP [8]. Sutton et al. [4] studied the effects of puberty on CF-related PE in women versus men by performing a cohor