RESEARCH Diagnosing inflammation m

n2 Urologic diseases are among the most common diseases worldwide. Specific and informative methods for their U.S. dollars including treatment in and outside of hospi-tals. Sixty percent of these costs pertain to the treatment Yu et al. Journal of Translational Medicine (2015) 13:111 DOI 10.1186/s12967-015-0475-3bacteriuria leads to higher incidence of pyelonephritis20850, USA Full list of author information is available at the end of the articlediagnosis are important to benefit patients and poten-tially reduce overuse of antibiotic drugs. An estimate of UTI cases occurring globally per year is 150 million [1]. Annual expenditures for Medicare beneficiaries in the USA (65 years and older) for non-cancerous diseases of of UTIs [2]. Women are at least five times more likely to contract a UTI at least once during their lifetimes than men due to anatomical differences [2] because bacteri