Immunophenotypes in Humans

The development of flow cytometric biomarkers in human studies and clinical trials has been slowed by inconsistent sample processing, use of cell surface markers, and reporting of immunophenotypes. Additionally, the function(s) of distinct cell types as biomarkers can-not be accurately defined without the proper identification of homogeneous populations. As such, we developed a method for the identification and analysis of human leukocyte popula-tions by the use of eight 10-color flow cytometric protocols in combination with novel soft-ware analyses. This method utilizes un-manipulated biological sample preparation that allows for the direct quantitation of leukocytes and non-overlapping immunophenotypes. We specifically designed myeloid protocols that enable us to define distinct phenotypes that include mature monocytes, granulocytes, circulating dendritic cells, immature myeloid cells, and myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). We also identified CD123 as an additional distinguishing marker for the phenotypic characterization of immature LIN-CD33+HLA-DR- MDSCs. Our approach permits the comprehensive analysis of all peripheral blood leu-kocytes and yields data that is highly amenable for standardization across inter-laboratory comparisons for human studies