1ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems,

We report the observation of a mechanism of maser generation in an ensemble of inter-coupled, inhomogeneously broadened two-level systems, enhanced by high quality factor electromagnetic cavity modes. In this previously unobserved form of population inversion, an inseparable quantum system leads to cavity-enhanced stimulated emission arising from interactions within an ensemble of two-level systems, as opposed to a traditional ensemble of noninteracting identical three level systems. The effect is observed in a cryogenically cooled whispering gallery mode sapphire resonator containing dilute Fe3+ impurity ions. These ions exhibit strong spin-lattice interaction, leading to both electron spin resonance broadening and phonon mediated spin-spin coupling. The maser effect is due to a |1/2 〉 → |3/2 〉 energy transition in electron spin angular momentum observed at zero external magnetic field. Both continuous and oscillating regimes are observed with corresponding thresholds both in detuning frequency and incident power. The fundamental purpose of a maser system is to achieve a net microwave emission from a solid or gas, which is reduced to a problem of populating an upper en-ergy level in excess compared to lower levels. There ar