Road Pricing for Spreading Peak Travel: Modeling and Design

A case study of the Singapore road network provides empirical evi-dence that road pricing can significantly affect commuter trip timing be-haviors. In this paper, we propose a model of trip timing decisions that reasonably matches the observed commuters ’ behaviors. Our model ex-plicitly captures the difference in individuals ’ sensitivity to price, travel time and early or late arrival at destination. New pricing schemes are suggested to better spread peak travel and reduce traffic congestion. Sim-ulation results based on the proposed model are provided in comparison with the real data for the Singapore case study.