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h ok Unive e Harbo between religiosity/spirituality (R/S) and health, fostered by the finding that individuals who regularly attend religious services [1e9] have a reduction in overall mortality of almost 20%. The evidence for the possible association between R/S and reduced cardiovascular risk, however, is less consistent. Multiple shown that men participating in prayer and yoga had a lower prevalence of coronary heart disease after adjustment for coronary risk factors [13]. A composite R/S measure (frequency of service attendance, prayer, and fasting) was inversely associated with acute coronary events in a recent case-control study [14] conducted in a predominantly Moslem and Christian population. On the other hand, other studies somewhat contradicted these results. Schnall et al. [8] reported a lack of association between several self