Counterexample-driven model checking

Abstract. The generation of counterexamples is frequently touted as one of the primary advantages of model checking as a verification tech-nique. However, the generation of trace-like counterexamples is limited to a small fragment of branching-time temporal logic. When model checking does succeed in verifying a property, there is typically no independently checkable witness that can be used as evidence for the verified property. We present a definition of witnesses, and, dually, counterexamples, for computation-tree logic (CTL), and describe a model checking algorithm that is based on the generation of evidence. Our model checking algo-rithm is local in the sense that it explores only the reachable states. It partitions the given initial set of states into those that do, and those that do not satisfy the given property, with a corresponding witness and counterexample that is independently verifiable. We have built a model checker based on these ideas that works quite efficiently despite the over-head of generating evidence.