Federal Bureau of Prisons

2Three-quarters of the inmates housed in state and federal prison in 1997 could be characterized as alcohol or drug-involved (Mumola, 1999). Yet only approximately 20 percent of those within 6 months of release report having received treatment (Mumola, 1999). Drug offenders, many of whom may be drug users, account for an increasing percentage of those released from prison. In 1980, 11 percent of all releasees were drug-involved. In 1990, they accounted for 26 percent of releasees and this percentage increased to 32 percent in 1998 (Lynch & Sabol, 2001; Travis, Solomon, & Waul, 2001). Among those who have evaluated the effectiveness of prison-based drug treatment programs, there has been considerable discussion of the need to provide aftercare services and ensure continuity of care. The effects of in-prison treatment might not be maintained withou