and

The storage of gases in porous adsorbents, such as activated carbon and carbon nanotubes, is examined here thermodynamically from a systems viewpoint, considering the entire adsorption–desorption cycle. The results provide concrete objective criteria to guide the search for the ‘Holy Grail ’ adsorbent, for which the adsorptive delivery is maximized. It is shown that for ambient temperature storage of hydrogen and delivery between 30 bar and 1.5 bar pressure, for the optimum adsorbent the adsorption enthalpy change is 15.1 kJ/mole. For carbons, for which the average enthalpy change is typically 5.8 kJ/mole, an optimum operating temperature of about 115 K is predicted. For methane an optimum enthalpy change of 18.8 kJ/mole is found, with the optimum temperature for carbons being about 254 K. It is also demonstrated that for maximum delivery of the gas the optimum adsorbent must be homogeneous, and that introduction of heterogeneity, such as by ball milling, irradiation and other means, can only provide small increases in physisorption-related delivery for hydrogen. For methane heterogeneity is always detrimental, at any value of average adsorption enthalpy change. These results are confirmed with the help of experimental data from the literature, as well as extensive Monte Carlo simulations conducted here using slit pore models of activated carbons as well as atomistic models of carbon nanotubes. The simulations also demonstrate that carbon nanotubes offer little or no advantage over activated carbons in terms of enhanced delivery, when used as storage media for either hydrogen or methane