Professor Mark A Bellis is Director of the Centre for Public Health (a World Health Organization

Kingdom Focal Point for Violence and Injuries Prevention and specialises in research on violence, alcohol, drug use, sexual health and public health intelligence systems. Lisa Jones is a senior researcher leading the Centre’s work on systematic reviews which includes international work compiling and assessing evidence and national work informing guidance and policy development. Karen Hughes is a senior researcher who leads the Centre’s work on violence and injury prevention. She manages a team of research staff who conduct original research, evaluate preventive interventions and develop injury surveillance systems. Sara Hughes is a senior researcher working on multidisciplinary research and evidence development and specialises in the synthesis of research on violence, injuries and substance use. This document was prepared by Liverpool John Moores University, Centre for Public Health, the World Health Organization Department of Violence and Injury Prevention and Disability, and the UNDP Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery. The document is currently in the WHO clearance procedure, and for WHO purposes remains a draft document until such time as this clearance procedure has been concluded. Furthermore, the views expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of the United Nations, WHO, UNDP or the Government of Norway. Cover photograp