PMU-Based Detection of Imbalance in Three-Phase Power Systems

Abstract—The problem of imbalance detection in a three-phase power system using a phasor measurement unit (PMU) is consid-ered. A general model for the zero, positive, and negative sequences from a PMU measurement at off-nominal frequencies is presented and a hypothesis testing framework is formulated. The new for-mulation takes into account the fact that minor degree of imbal-ance in the system is acceptable and does not indicate subsequent interruptions, failures, or degradation of physical components. A generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) is developed and shown to be a function of the negative-sequence phasor estimator and the acceptable level of imbalances for nominal system operations. As a by-product to the proposed detectionmethod, a constrained estima-tion of the positive and negative phasors and the frequency devia-tion is obtained for both balanced and unbalanced situations. The theoretical and numerical performance analyses show improved performance over benchmark techniques and robustness to the presence of additional harmonics. Index Terms—Generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT), off-nominal frequencies, phasor measurement unit (PMU), sym-metrical components, synchrophasor, unbalanced power system. I