Phylogenetic analysis of non-stereotyped behavioural sequences with a successive event-pairing method

A new method is proposed which uses transitions among acts in non-stereotyped behavioural sequences as phylogenetic characters. This method is derived from the event-pairing method designed for the phylogenetic study of developmental sequences and from ethological analyses of transition matrices. It is applied to study the phylogenetic relationships within a well-known group, the presocial Zetoborinae cockroaches. The analysis is carried out with three data sets: a behavioural data set with transitions among acts in behavioural dyadic sequences, together with morphological and molecular data sets. Non-stereotyped behaviour proved to be phylo-genetically informative and to display low homoplasy. This new method opens an avenue for studying the evolution of behaviour in the framework of phylogenetic analysis, which was restricted until now to the study of stereotyped sequences and/or isolated features involved in courting or building activities. © 2008 The Linnean Society o