1 Female Peacekeepers and Gender Balancing: Token Gestures or Informed Policymaking?

Since the UN Security Council (UNSC) adopted Resolution 1325 (2000), which is referenced in most of the mandates for peacekeeping authorizations and renewals since, UN peacekeeping forces have begun a process of gender balancing. While we have seen an increase in the numbers of female peacekeepers during the decade 2000-2010 and variation in the distribution patterns of female military personnel, we do not know if female military peacekeepers are deploying to areas that are safest or to areas with the greatest need for gender-balanced international involvement. Since the decision-making authority in the allocation of peacekeeping forces rests with the troop contributing countries (TCCs), which might not have bought into the gender balancing and mainstreaming initiatives mandated by the UNSC, we propose and find evidence that female military personnel tend to deploy to areas where there is least risk. They tend not 2 to deploy where they may be most needed—where sexual violence and gender equity has been a major problem—and we find only a modest effect of having specific language in the mandates related to gender issues