Data construction for phosphorylation site prediction

Protein phosphorylation is one of the most pervasive post-translational modifications, regulating diverse cellular processes in various organisms. As mass spectrometry-based experimental approaches for identifying phosphoryl-ation events are resource-intensive, many computational methods have been proposed, in which phosphorylation site prediction is formulated as a classification problem.They differ in several ways, and one crucial issue is the con-struction of training data and test data for unbiased performance evaluation. In this article, we categorize the existing data construction methods and try to answer three questions: (i) Is it equivalent to use different data construction methods in the assessment of phosphorylation site prediction algo-rithms? (ii) What kind of test data set is unbiased for assessing the prediction performance of a trained algorithm in different real world scenarios? (iii) Among the summarized training data construction methods, which one(s) has better generalization performance for most scenarios? To answer these questions, we conduct comprehensive experimental studies for both non-kinase-specific and kinase-specific prediction tasks. The experimental results show that: (i) different data construction methods can lead to significantly different prediction performance; (ii) there can be different test data construction methods that are unbiased with respect to different real world scenarios; and (iii) different data construction methods have different generalization performance in different real world scenarios. Therefore, when developing new algorithms in future research, people should concentrate on what kind of scenario their algorithmwill work for, what the corresponding unbiased test data are and which train-ing data construction method can generate best generalization performance