How Social Norms Promote Misleading Social Feedback and Inaccurate Self-Assessment

Self-assessments are often prone to error. Past research has identified cognitive and motivational biases that lead self-assessments astray. In the present paper, we discuss how behavior shaped by social norms leaves the negative information that people require for accurate self-assessments invisible. First, social norms lead people to suppress critical feedback in favor of more positive evaluations. Although people recognize that they prefer to provide positive feedback to others, they fail to consider that they might be the recipient of incomplete feedback. As a result, they are left with overconfident self-impressions. Second, social norms lead people to hide their own nega-tive emotional experiences from others. Again, people are aware that this positivity norm influ-ences their own behavior but do not apply this knowledge to their understanding of others. As a result, people regard their own negative emotions as more socially aberrant than is actually the case. Behavior in everyday interactions is powerfully influenced by social norms in the sur-rounding culture (e.g., Goffman, 1967). For example, social norms exist that encourage the expression of positive rather than negative information within interactions, includin