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a,c e a f 16 ere re o Ds onl re d assoc derstan 06). U o react ctivity ell as with psychopathology also emphasize the influence of effortful pro-cesses that enable persons to modulate their emotional reactions (Nigg, 2006). As such, the risk associated with temperamental reac-tivity can be decreased, making effortful control a protective factor. Given that individual differences in reactive and regulative tem-perament are supposed to underlie enduring personality dimen-ishment. In terms of individual differences in personality, elevated BAS sensitivity is reflected in elevated proneness to engage in goal-directed efforts and to experience positive feelings (Carver & White, 1994) and is related to the personality trait of Extraversion (Nigg, 2006). Over the years, RST developed to include a third major system: the fight–flight system (FFS: Gray, 1987). Whereas the BIS responds to conditioned aversive stimuli, the FFS responds to unconditioned aversive stimuli. In 2000, Gray and McNaughton presented a major revision of RST (Corr, 2008). The BAS is now assumed to be responsive to (un)conditioned positively valenced stimuli. The Fight/Flight/Freeze System (FFFS) adopt