Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Brain Oscillations Control Timing of Single-Neuron Activity in Humans

Agrowing body of animal research suggests that neurons represent information not only in terms of their firing rates but also by varying the timing of spikes relative to neuronal oscillations. Although researchers have argued that this temporal coding is critical in human memory and perception, no supporting data from humans have been reported. This study provides the first analysis of the temporal relationship between brain oscillations and single-neuron activity in humans. Recording from 1924 neurons, we find that neuronal activity in various brain regions increases at specific phases of brain oscillations. Neurons inwidespread brain regionswere phase locked tooscillations in the theta- (4–8Hz)andgamma- (30–90Hz) frequencybands. Inhippocampus,phase lockingwasprevalent in thedelta-(1–4 Hz) and gamma-frequency bands. Individual neurons were phase locked to various phases of theta and delta oscillations, but they only were active at the trough of gamma oscillations. These findings provide support for the temporal-coding hypothesis in humans. Specifically, they indicate that theta and delta oscillations facilitate phase coding and that gamma oscillations help to decode combina-tions of simultaneously active neurons. Key words: phase locking; theta; gamma; intracranial EEG; navigation; local field potentia