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Available online mammals, previous reviews have identified no clear patterns. However, few studies have simultaneously there are documented relationships between social rank and glucocorticoid levels; discussed below), factors associated with body condition (Williams, Kitaysky, Kettle, & Buck, 2008) and glucocorticoids is h respect to the l contexts and the ined (Creel et al., y closed societies, s to resources and d that dominants essive threats) to-wards subordinates to maintain their rank, discourage retaliatory attacks or cause eviction (Ellis, 1995; Stockley & Bro-Jørgensen, 2011). However, even though socially dominant individuals benefit from their increased priority of access to resources due to their social status and, often as a result, reproductive dominance (defined here as increased reproductive success), high-ranking in-dividuals may experience high costs associated with the mainte