Cross-language facilitation, repetition blindness, and the relation between language and memory: Replications of Altarriba and Soltano

immediate recall and found that when target words (T) were repeated in the same language within a sentence such as I (below; translation:..They saw horses, but horses were forbidden to enter"), T recall decreased compared to unrepeated rs as in 2, replicating an effect known as repetition blindness (RB). They also demonstrated reduced recall when the T was a translation equivalent of the prior "pretarget " word (PT) as in 3 (T and pr underlined), rather than unrelated as in 4, an effect they called "semantic blindness"(sB). 1. They saw caballos, but caballos were prohibito to enter. (RB repeated T condition) 2.They saw ovejas, but caballos were prohibito to enter. (RB unrepeated T condition) 3. They saw horses, but caballos were prohibito to enter. (SB repeated T condition) 4. They saw sheep. but caballos were prohibito ro enter. (SB unrepeated T condition) However, Altarriba and Soltano (1996) noted that some of the mixed-language sentences in MacKay and Miller (1994) were ungralrrmatical, and using grammatical sentences and other seemingly minor procedural changes in their Experiment lb, they found RB for within-language repetition (as in I vs. 2), but did not find SB for conceptual or cross-language repetition (as in 3 vs. 4). MacKay, Abrams, Pedroza, and Miller (1996) next conducted detailed analyses of the procedures, analyses, and experimental design in Altarriba and Soltano, and noted seven factors that may have worked to diminish SB in their results, such as long lags between PTs and Ts in the sentences, relatively slow presentation rates, use of a dependent measure that failed to exclude trials where the PT was undetected, and use of split