Flexibility versus efficiency? A case study of model changeovers in the toyota production system

This is a careful and insightful case study of how the Toyota Production System manages the paradoxof efficiency and flexibility, which arises periodically in connection with model changeovers. The authors detail the functioning of four organizational mechanisms—metaroutines, partitioning, switching, and ambidexterity. However, of particular interest is the contextual reinforcing role of training and trust in administrative structures, procedures, and rules