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Increasingly, neuroscientists, computer scientists and engineers are beginning to envision and develop neuroprosthetic brain-machine interface systems for the treatment of neurological FRQGLWLRQVVXFKDVHSLOHSV\3DUNLQVRQ¶VGLVHDVHVWURNH WUDXPDWLFEUDLQ LQMXU\DQGVSLQDOFRUG injury. The focus of our recent research has been to develop adaptive, closed-loop microdevices that can be chronically implanted in damaged brains. Our model focuses on the ability for closed-loop devices to regulate synaptic potentiation in long-distance pathways in the nervous system, particularly cortico-cortical pathways between different functional areas. Our recent demonstration that such an approach can potentiate somatosensory-motor communication, resulting in rapid recovery of motor function after experimental traumatic brain injury in a rat model suggests that closed-loop neuroprosthetic microdevices have potential for pathway-specific treatment of neurological disorders