Dedicated to my family. Their help and support has been greatly appreciated. iii Acknowledgments Foremost, I would like to thank my adviser Charles S. Peskin. Working with Charlie the past five years has been a wonderful experience. His enthusiasm was always uplifting, and his insight was a joy to see first hand. I’ve learned a great deal from my conversations with him and watching his thought process. I would also like to thank my family. My father has always been there when I needed someone to discuss an idea with, and has given me many helpful suggestions over the years. I’ve had a great time learning from him throughout my entire life. My mother deserves thanks for all the hard work she has put in helping me with various annoying and un...