REVIEW SUMMARY MARINE CONSERVATION Marine defaunation: Animal loss in the global ocean

restrial and marine defaunation helps to place human impacts on marine fauna in context and to navigate toward recovery. De-faunation began in ear-nest tens of thousands of years later in the oceans than it did on land. Al-though defaunation has been less severe in the oceans than on land, our effects on marine animals are increasing in pace and impact. Humans have caused few complete extinctions in the sea, but we are responsible for many ecological, commercial, and local extinctions. Despite our late start