ENERGY-AWARE ACCOUNTING AND BILLING IN LARGE-SCALE COMPUTING FACILITIES PROPOSALS HAVE FOCUSED ON REDUCING ENERGY REQUIREMENTS FOR LARGE-SCALE COMPUTING FACILITIES (LSCFS), BUT LITTLE RESEARCH HAS ADDRESSED THE NEED FOR ENERGY-USAGE-BASED ACCOUNTING. ENER

......Energy and power trends in large-scale computing facilities (LSCFs) pose challenges that shape the design of next-generation facilities. The carbon foot-print of societal energy consumption levels has seen intense scrutiny in recent years. According to recent statistics, the electricity demand from LSCFs shows the fastest growth among all sectors, and facilities con-sume several megawatts, enough to power small towns.1 The US Environmental Pro-tection Agency estimates that national energy consumption attributable to servers and data centers will soon reach more than 100 billion kW hours annually,2 and recent studies esti