d: ie

The increasing and more affluent human population linked to of disturbance for some natural populations. Roads also lead to habitat fragmentation by dividing continuous habitat into separate blocks and impeding both the movement of individuals and gene flow (Forman and Alexander, 1998; Trombulak and Frissell, 2000; Forman et al., 2003; Tanner and Perry, 2007; Jackson and Fahrig, 2011). The presence of roads can change the soil, microclimatic conditions, and pollutant levels (Forman et al., 2003; Moroń most obvious and direct impacts of roads is probably through mor