C 2012 American Chemical Society Hot Electron Field Emission via Individually Transistor-Ballasted Carbon Nanotube Arrays

ue to their high aspect ratio, small tip radius, excellent chemical stabil-ity, high thermal conductivity, and mechanical strength; carbon nanotubes (CNT);one-dimensional carbon allotropes; have attracted much attention as field emis-sion (FE) electron sources in flat panel displays,1,2 environmental lighting,3 parallel electron-beam lithography equipment,4 X-ray sources,5,6 and vacuum microwave amplifiers.7,8 However, high emission cur-rents, high uniformity, high stability, low driv-ing field, and long lifetimes have yet to be demonstrated convincingly. Theemission current, givenby theFowle