Potential Consequences for Management,

Urban Ecosystems, and the Urban Public Trees in natural forests will experience large range shifts due to climate change alone (Aitken et al. 2008), and the suite of pre-urban native species well adapted to future urban climates is likely to be reduced. Urban forests provide many important ecosystem service benefits to humans, such as climate regulation, improved health outcomes, and psychological well-being (Bolund and Hunhammar 1999; Frumkin 2013). They are also critical to the functioning of urban ecosystems, provision of food and habitat for fauna (Goddard et al. 2010), and regulation of the environment for plant communities. These benefits are driven by the structure and composition of the urban forest, which in turn is shaped by the climate of the city (Kendal et al. 2012; Ramage et al. 2012). It is now clear that human-induced climate change is leading t