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ped ce t circu and mi ccurate included the leads/instrument impedance. The leads/instrument impedance was measured over a range 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. applicability, and has been used for the study of ionic conductors, dielectric materials, semiconductors, solar cells, fuel cells, batteries and corrosion. With improvements in equipment over the years, four types of techniques are typically used tomeasure and interpret the impedance. They are: AC bridge, Lissajous analysis, phase-neral approach in-put and the mea-g through and the measurement of I ide range of fre-quencies, the real and the imaginary parts of the impedance as a function of frequency can be determined. In 1969, Bauerle in a landmark paper in solid state ionics investigated transport through yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) samples with various applied elec-trodes and in several atmospheres using electrochemical admit-tance spectroscopy [1]. Bauerle showed that the measured admittance data could be fitted to semicircles or depressed semi-circles in the admittance plane. These semicircles at high fre-quencies correspond to transport properties through the grai