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2013 are emerging as alternative energy-conversion devices for and underwater leads to the requirement of an additional oxygen tank in the system, much lowering the energy density of the fuel cell system [6,7]. As an alternative oxidizer, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) have recently received ever-increasing attention, primarily because of its several unique us oxygen [8e11]: 1) an operate with the as outer space and ydrogen peroxide as an oxidant can substantially increase the theoretical voltage mance [9]; 3) the use ctivation loss of the transfer [10]; and 4) eroxide avoid water flooding problem due to its intrinsically liquid phase [11]. For these reasons, efforts have been devoted to the development of the fuel cells that use hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant [12e20]. Raman et al. [21] proposed a direct borohydride fuel cell (DBFC) employing hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant wit