Ensemble Kalman Filter; Soil moisture;

Distributed rainfall-run-calculation of the Jacobian that relates the states and the observations. The soil moisture substantially. The mean absolute normalised error of the peak flows of six large floods system has been in operational use since early 2006. source systems (Wood, 1980). While numerous national flood forecasting systems have indeed implemented updat-ing procedures (e.g., Gutknecht, 1991), scientific interest soon ebbed off. The reasons may well be as O’Connell and tation of the spatial variation in rainfall and its effect on streamflow response, and in improving the structure of real-time forecasting models than to expend effort in solv-ing estimation problems. Information on where efforts will be best rewarded can only be obtained by feedback from case studies.’ ’ Indeed, distributed modelling and use of ra-dar rainfall have been key topics in hydrologic research in the 1990s (e.g., Grayson and Blöschl, 2000). In the mea