Wave propagation characteristics of overhead conductors above imperfect stratified earth for a wide frequency range

The influence of stratified earth on the wave propagation characteristics of overhead conductors is analyzed, using a generalized two-layer earth model of varying electromagnetic characteristics. A systematic comparison to simpler stratified earth models is presented, showing the differences in the propagation characteristics. Index Terms—Earth return admittance, earth return impedance, multiconductor lines, nonhomogenous earth. I