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onsumer-directed health plans (CDHPs), which were intro-duced in 2000, enrolled 10 % of covered employees in 2007.1 CDHPs are high-deductible health plans with an accompany-ing savings account. They were designed to provide enrollees with financial incentives to contain their own healthcare costs. Enrollees in CDHPs pay for their medical care with account funds or out of their own pocket until they reach the deductible level, at which point standard insurance coverage begins. With greater exposure to healthcare costs, CDHP enrollees are expected to make more cost-effective healthcare choices, like comparison shopping for healthcare and reducing unnecessary medical care visits. Unspent funds in the savings account may be rolled over for use in future years, providing an incentive to conserve on healthcare. Because CDHPs typically have lower premiums than traditional insurance,1 some policy-makers view them as a vehicle for reducing the number of uninsured.2,