Gene–Environment Interplay: Where We Are, Where We Are Going

The idea that both genetic and environmental influences contribute to behavioral outcomes is widely accepted. However, the practice of exam-ining candidate Gene×Environment interaction (cGxE) is controversial. In this article, we sum-marize some of the key issues involved in cGxE research and provide recommendations for work in this area. Highlighted challenges include the selection of the gene, the development of the cGxE hypothesis, and the coding of the genotype. To address these challenges and gain confidence in cGxE findings, we recommend using empiri-cal data to select and code genes/variants, using theory to develop cGxE hypotheses and a rig-orous and transparent approach to hypothesis testing. Family researchers have much to offer to the study of Gene×Environment research in view of their process-oriented theories that are grounded in decades of nuanced measurement of the environment; implementing these best prac-tices will help deliver on that promise. In their article, Schlomer, Fosco, Cleveland